Tuesday, November 15, 2011

Saturday, November 5, 2011

Now Arzach, maybe?



Trailer for an unmade Incal movie, based on the work of filmmaker Alejandro Jodorowsky and Moebius.

Wednesday, November 2, 2011

Aging halted?

Doctor Rufo in Robert Heinlein's novel Glory Road said he liked having the appearance of a mature man and the hidden musculature and stamina of a man in his twenties (despite his circadian years) because it permitted him to surprise younger men in a fight and women in the bedroom. I endorse this opinion, and it looks like such a thing may be possible in the near future.

Tuesday, October 11, 2011

Better to marry or burn?

Think same sex marriage is the only way that marriage is being redefined form the 1950s "Leave It to Beaver" image*? Kate Bolick writes on the changing face of marriage, being a singleton, male female relations, and coupling up in this article for the Atlantic.



*An image that was largely flash in the pan, lasting only a couple of decades.

Monday, October 3, 2011

All I'm Saying Is

"There are two basic motivating forces: fear and love. When we are afraid, we pull back from life. When we are in love, we open to all that life has to offer with passion, excitement, and acceptance. We need to learn to love ourselves first, in all our glory and our imperfections. If we cannot love ourselves, we cannot fully open to our ability to love others or our potential to create. Evolution and all hopes for a better world rest in the fearlessness and open-hearted vision of people who embrace life.” - John Lennon

That's not how I heard it.

Wayland Smith and the shoeing of the White Horse according to DailyKos.

Fashion Kills

Sandblasting jeans to give them the distressed, worn look gives factory workers an incurable lung disease.

Natural History Museum Event Bling

Tatty Devine has a large dinosaur necklace.

Thursday, September 29, 2011

Magical Mystery Tour

Researchers at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine have determined that use of psychedelic "magic" mushrooms can change the way people think and view the world for a year, possibly even causing a personality change lasting the course of one's life.

I recall one man who said, 40 years ago, that one could do that and control it with set and setting. He studied the psychological and physiological  effects of psychedelics. The government hounded him. arrested him, and let the man be crucified in the court of public opinion. He ended his life considered by many to be a washed up hippy burnout.

 I think some people owe Timothy Leary an apology.

Monday, September 26, 2011

Lock me up

Nonviolent offenders in an Alabama town given the choice between church or jail time.

No Thugs in Our House

This is not the first time Anthony Bologna has gone over the line in dealing with nonviolent protesters. Before this current macing of netted female protesters, Tony Baloney is also up on false arrest charges in his dealings during the 2004 Republican Convention.

That's Our Perry!

Texas oil refineries may get $135m at the expense of schools and communities.

Paging a madman in a blue box

10 books lost to history, and, no, I'm not crying.

Status quo is definitely not quo

"Europe will collapse because Goldman Sachs rules the world."

Monday, September 12, 2011

Straight, but not narrow

Sherwood Smith and Rachel Brown are instructed by an agent to "straighten" a gay viewpoint character in a YA if they want the agent to sell the novel.

Rachel replied, “Making a gay character straight is a line in the sand which I will not cross. That is a moral issue. I work with teenagers, and some of them are gay. They never get to read fantasy novels where people like them are the heroes, and that’s not right.”


Sherwood broke the silence. “Do you think the agent missed that Becky and Brisa [supporting characters] are a couple, too? Do they ever actually kiss on-page? No? I’M ADDING A LESBIAN KISS NOW!”

Sunday, September 11, 2011

Tasteless

The things necessary to grow tomatoes (chemicals, worker conditions) may well make them inedible to me. 

"Slavery is what is happening. There is no way to gloss it. You can't say "slavery-like." You can't say "near-slavery." "Human trafficking" doesn't even do it credit. Here are some things that are in court records; it's all been proven.
"People are being bought and sold like chattels. People are locked and shackled in chains at night in order to prevent them from escaping. People are being beaten severely if they're too tired to work, too sick to work or don't want to work hard enough. People are beaten even more severely or murdered if they try to escape. They receive little or no pay for their efforts.
"That, to me, is slavery. It's like 1850, not 2011."

"The main problem is that tomatoes' ancestors come from desert areas. They're adapted to extremely dry, low-humidity areas. That's why Southern Italy and parts of California are so good for tomatoes; it doesn't rain all summer. Florida is notoriously humid, which is just perfect conditions for all of the funguses, rusts, blights, insects and pests that destroy tomatoes.

"That's why they have to use 110 different chemicals, fertilizers, fungicides and herbicides to even get a crop. Florida and California grow about the same amount of tomatoes. Florida uses eight times to get the same agricultural product.

"The second problem with Florida is - I'm not even going to call it soil, because it isn't. Florida tomatoes are grown in sand. Just like the sand on Daytona Beach, it's great to wiggle your toes in, but it contains zero nutrients. None.
"So they have to essentially pump in all the chemical food that the plant is going to need for its lifetime. Then they seal the row in plastic and hope they'll get a crop."

Tuesday, September 6, 2011

Is that possible?

At this point, Neil Gaiman and Amanda Palmer has made their goal on Kickstarter. It's worth looking at the pitch page (or whatever it's called) just to see the most nonsexual eating of a banana ever.

Friday, September 2, 2011

POTUS made GOP happy?

Obama scrapped plans to reduce ozone emissions.

Undamn that river!

Next month, officials in Olympic National Park in Washington will begin the process of dismantling the Elwha and Glines Canyon dams. Removing the dams will open up the river to salmon again. The Lower Elwha Klallam tribe tell of a time when the salmon was so thick in the Elwha River that a person could walk from shore to shore  stepping from the backs of the thrashing fish. Not sure I believe that, but it's fun to picture.

The squeal of an angry thoat

The site of ancient lake on Mars is seen in satellite photos.

Page Larry Niven

Researchers in China have a plan to deflect asteroids away from Earth with spacecraft powered by solar sails.

I'm told he has a special stance on this subject

Bryan Fischer of the American Family Association is calling for the criminalization of homosexuality.

Yummy

New shark species discovered in a Taiwan fish market.

Freelance Economy

Why the next economy is the freelance economy.

Wednesday, August 31, 2011

At least they're not committing sodomy

Unmarried cohabitation is illegal in Florida.

I want a chemical test on the Thames, please.

Salmon are now swimming back to a healthy Thames.

Set a thief to take a thief

An engineered anti-cancer virus shows promise on attacking tumors and leaving healthy tissue alone.

My hero

Woman saves her dachshund Fudge by punching a black bear in the face.

What's up, Sloop John B

An 18th century ship (merchant sloop?) has been discovered on the site of the World Trade Center. At one point that site was an anchorage for the Hudson River.

Oh, my

The story of Mary Jones aka Peter Sewally, a transvestite, African-American prostitute, picking pockets in New York City during the Regency and Victorian Eras.

Impossible Star

Star lacks materials astronomers have thought were necessary for low-mass stars to form.

Cue Muse Twice!

Chandra Observatory discovers a pair of supermassive black holes close to us...in a spiral galaxy 160m light years from Earth.

Good riddance

Key provisions of the Texas sonogram law are struck down.

Or yet a foreign merchant?

Call Alan Moore. German merchant yet another suspect in Jack the Ripper murders.

There are too many suspects. Even Miss Marple couldn't solve this one.


Thursday, August 25, 2011

A Game of View

With a hurricane aiming straight for New York City, Teresa Nielsen Hayden takes on a journey to see how storms can change coastlines. Specifically, she follows Rye through it's past as a harbor town and it's current status as landlocked.

It'll be in Indy 5

Brazilian scientists find an underground river in the Amazon.

Edited to add: But it's not necessarily a river.

Diamonds are an astronaut's best friend?

An international research team, led by Professor Matthew Bailes of Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne, Australia, has discovered a planet made of diamond orbiting a pulsar.

Did he sell Houston to the Daleks, too?

Governor Rick Perry has been implicated in a scheme to sell Texas teachers life insurance that would name Swiss banks as the beneficiary instead of the teachers' families.

"Said TE Lawrence, lifting his fork"

Saudis find evidence that horses were domesticated 9000 years ago years ago in the Arabian Peninsula.

Hey, baby, wanna come back to Lascaux to see my etchings?

Sex with neanderthals gave humans an immunity boost.

Cuz I'm the Taxman

While the US has the second highest corporate tax rate in the world (behind Japan), loopholes in the tax code put the US on an even playing field with the rest of the world.

"But by taking advantage of myriad breaks and loopholes that other countries generally do not offer, United States corporations pay only slightly more on average than their counterparts in other industrial countries. And some American corporations use aggressive strategies to pay less — often far less — than their competitors abroad and at home. A Government Accountability Office study released in 2008 found that 55 percent of United States companies paid no federal income taxes during at least one year in a seven-year period it studied.


"The paradox of the United States tax code — high rates with a bounty of subsidies, shelters and special breaks — has made American multinationals “world leaders in tax avoidance,” according to Edward D. Kleinbard, a professor at the University of Southern California who was head of the Congressional joint committee on taxes. This has profound implications for businesses, the economy and thefederal budget.


"The United States is virtually alone in trying to tax its multinational corporations on their foreign earnings, but it allows companies to avoid those taxes indefinitely by keeping profits overseas. That encourages companies to use accounting maneuvers to shift profits to low-tax countries and to invest profits offshore, says David S. Miller, a partner at Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft in New York.


"Honeywell International, the New Jersey company that makes things as diverse as aerospace components and First Alert smoke detectors, reported in regulatory filings that in the last five years, it paid cash income taxes in the United States and abroad equal to 15 percent of its profits. On Friday, a Honeywell spokeswoman pointed out that the company had since made a large pension contribution, which effectively cut its profits and made its tax rate closer to 22 percent.
"A major domestic competitor, United Technologies, reported an average of 24 percent over that time. A German rival, Siemens, reported 29 percent of its total profit.
In addition to being complex and uneven, the United States corporate tax code is inefficient and has become a diminishing source of revenue. Corporate taxes accounted for about 9 percent of all federal revenue in 2010. At $191 billion, they were equal to 1.3 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product. Most industrial countries collect more from companies, about 2.5 percent of output. Only a portion of that disparity can be explained by the many types of businesses in the United States that elect to be taxed at an individual rate."
"

Take yourself of the gov't trough, Gov!

Governor Rick Scott of Florida has mandated drug testing for anyone on welfare within the state. The leading walk-in chain of clinics that will administer the test is owned by his family. The tests discovered that 2% of the people on welfare that have taken the test have been found to be positive for drug use. This means that the tests cost more money than they save off of "welfare cheats".

Tuesday, August 23, 2011

If it's not Scottish, it's crap!



BBC documentary on Scotland's comic book creators, Grant Morrison, Mark "Kick-Ass" Millar, Frank Quitely, and Alan Grant.

Harlequin is a tool of Satan

Dirty Girl Ministries fights a crusade against the evils of female masturbation.

What a waste of a good name! I can start a porn label under that name!

And twice a week is excessive? Oh, I am damned to Hell. There is no salvation for me.

Like the fabled unicorn

Reports say that bisexual men do exist. That's a relief. I'm sure they'll sleep better knowing that they are not the figment of some drug induced college hallucination.

We know DC leans a certain direction! (wink wink)

Park Service states that the earthquake did no damage to any area monuments while FoxNews reports the Washington monument is leaning after the quake.

"I feel my heart start tremblin' whenever you're around"

The differences between East and West Coast 'quakes. For example, thus: "In the east the underlying bedrock is pretty well-connected (like a concrete slab). Eastern earthquakes can travel farther that in the west, where the underlying topography is so chopped-up (like a brick patio) that the energy of a quake is dissipated closer to the epicenter." 


That last might explain why it felt stronger than the readings would suggest.

From the man that wrote the definitive London bio

Peter Ackroyd says rioting has long been a London tradition.

Chipping away at another tyrant

New legal ruling states that Google and Amazon do not need record label permission for "music lockers".

Paging the Killer Bs, Niven, Pournelle?

NASA and Tor Books announce a joint collaboration venture.

"Weird is a relative." - Dr Frank N Furter

Ann Vandermeer will no longer be the editor of Weird Tales following Marvin Kaye's purchase of the magazine.


Tuesday, August 16, 2011

William Gibson on cities.


You never know whom you might meet in the city. In a small town, you’re less likely to encounter people or things or situations you haven’t encountered previously. These people or things or situations may be wonderful or horrible, in either city or town, but cities have the numbers, the turnover. To a writer of fiction, this is extremely handy, a city being able, more or less believably, to mask excessive coincidence, producing, as Doyle taught me, whatever the narrative might require.
Should the populous mechanism of the fictive city fail to produce phenomena of sufficient weirdness, our literature of the fantastic often turns, quite reflexively, to dead cities, our most profoundly and mysteriously haunted artifacts.
Many deserted cities probably never were engines of choice. To stand in the vast plaza of the pre-Columbian Monte Albán, for instance, is to know that Monte Albán was about decreasing choice, narrowing it. Monte Albán was a control machine, an acoustically perfect environment with magnificent lines of sight: a theater of power. We don’t know why Monte Albán was as abruptly deserted as it may have been. Perhaps the show failed, finally, to come off, and no other was available, or possible, within that inflexible, uni-purposed structure.

Freedom of religion for who?


Would I lie to you?

An Iceni road, dating back to the Iron Age (75BC?), has been uncovered in East Anglia. The road, preserved in peat, was built out of timber.

Freedom From Speech?

Two kids (legal kids, ages 20 and 22) were sentenced to four years in jail for inciting riots on Facebook. Never mind that their actions did not cause rioting.

Page the Lorax!

A collection of previously uncollected Dr Seuss stories will be printed in September. It will consist of seven stories published previously in Redbook in the 1950s.

Cult of Jobs, meet Cult of Adams

A new app connects your phone to the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.

Muse or Covenant?

Super dense stars may squash neutrons into cubes.

"..thinks Major Tom"

Dawn completes the first spiral orbit of Vesta and begins transmitting data.

Monday, August 15, 2011

"We stopped dreaming"



Neil deGrasse Tyson on Congress, budgets, and NASA.

Violet Blue on SlutWalk

"Yes: I think scantily clad girls marching in the streets around the world are agents of change for our species."

To anyone reading this who doesn't know me, I have female friends that dress in ways that would embarrass strippers. I (and they) think little if anything of it.

Must Not Make Jokes

Second century statue of Hercules (minus the head) found in Israel in what appears to have been a Roman bathhouse.

One for my baby

Date rape sensor can detect if a drink's been spiked through optical analysis.

Deadly Mouse

A bull named Mouse claims top dollar for his owners. He's killed three men during a Spanish festival over the last ten years.

Egypt, BART, & Cameron have this in common

Ailing ex-dictator gives his name to a fearful practice: the mubarak.

I still like the Cameron Initiative.

Sunday, August 14, 2011

Notes on class warfare from the man whose class won

Warren Buffet has an op-ed in the New York Times, "Stop coddling the super rich". Here are the highlights:

"OUR leaders have asked for “shared sacrifice.” But when they did the asking, they spared me. I checked with my mega-rich friends to learn what pain they were expecting. They, too, were left untouched.
(...)
"Last year my federal tax bill — the income tax I paid, as well as payroll taxes paid by me and on my behalf — was $6,938,744. That sounds like a lot of money. But what I paid was only 17.4 percent of my taxable income — and that’s actually a lower percentage than was paid by any of the other 20 people in our office. Their tax burdens ranged from 33 percent to 41 percent and averaged 36 percent.


"If you make money with money, as some of my super-rich friends do, your percentage may be a bit lower than mine. But if you earn money from a job, your percentage will surely exceed mine — most likely by a lot.
(...)
"Back in the 1980s and 1990s, tax rates for the rich were far higher, and my percentage rate was in the middle of the pack. According to a theory I sometimes hear, I should have thrown a fit and refused to invest because of the elevated tax rates on capital gains and dividends.

"I didn’t refuse, nor did others. I have worked with investors for 60 years and I have yet to see anyone — not even when capital gains rates were 39.9 percent in 1976-77 — shy away from a sensible investment because of the tax rate on the potential gain. People invest to make money, and potential taxes have never scared them off. And to those who argue that higher rates hurt job creation, I would note that a net of nearly 40 million jobs were added between 1980 and 2000. You know what’s happened since then: lower tax rates and far lower job creation."

Must check out Golau Glau later.

For anyone reading this that doesn't follow Warren Ellis on any of his various profiles, here is Electronic Encounters: Music Inspired by Close Encounters of the Third Kind.
19th century African-American village unearthed in Central Park. It appears to have been founded in the 1820s (while slavery was still legal in New York) and destroyed in the 1850s.

Thursday, August 11, 2011

"Bloody Mary is the girl for me"

Star Wars coins to be accepted as legitimate currency on the South Pacific island of Niue. Someone finally figures out how money works. Damned good show!

Could the US fall for it twice?

And Rick Perry officially joins the race for the White House.

Supposedly Governor Good Hair went to Iowa to meet with Michelle Bachmann. No word on whether he made it clear that he will fight her for the support of the batshit crazy wing of the GOP, or whether they'll join forces if one of them takes the nod. The latter is my guess. Bachmann is used to covering for and working with heavily closeted gay men.

Paranoid yet?

Richard Clarke claims the CIA tried to recruit 9/11 hijackers.

One of the few investigative reporters we have left




I'm going to have to find out exactly what Palast was investigating this time.

Posthuman Future One Day Closer

Call it an electronic temporary tattoo.  It will collect and transmit information about your heart rate, transmit signals between prosthesis and the brain, or simply provide a simple useful interface between man and machine.

Gother than thou

Extra solar Jupiter type planet absorbs more light than it reflects, making it "darker than coal" and blacker than any planet in our solar system.

And two more books on the way after Snuff!

NPR on Terry Pratchett's mission to make assisted dying legal in the UK.

Prison may be hell, boys, but it's good for business.

A Pennsylvania judge is sentenced to 28 years for a "kids for cash" racketeering scheme.  In short, as he sentenced kids to privately run youth offenders detention facilities, he received kickbacks, up to $2.8m.

If you ever wanted proof that youth was considered just another commodity, here it is.

You know better

"Corporation are people, too." - Mitt Romney

"Like Steve McQueen all I needs a fast machine"

US military loses contact with the Falcon HTV-2, the fastest plane ever built, 36 minutes into it's test flight.

UPDATE: Air Force says it crashed into the ocean.

"I licked the Big C once and I'll do it again"

Reprogrammed T-cells from a patients own immune system are "taught" to kill cancer successfully.

Blaming it on single mothers is naif, as well, Parliament.

David Cameron wants the rioters to be banned from social media as there apparently has never been riots before this, our modern age.

Friday, July 29, 2011

God help us; we're doomed

The Tea Party is opposed to Pell Grants. Boehner wants to increase the amount to be used for those grants. 

The poor and middle class is opposed to assistance against rising school costs?

I agree with fucking Boehner?

I thought I'd live forever but now I'm not so sure.

Arctic scientist that exposed climate threat to polar bears is suspended. The suspension comes from within the Obama Administration. This is why I call Obama Bush 2.0. He is just as much owned by the oil companies as Shrub, he just isn't as obviously surrounded by openly evil greedy fucks who swim in a sea of hate.

Friday, July 22, 2011

Op-ed on science and religion. I'd have something amusing (I hope) to say about it except I'm waiting on the two slowest men in the world at work and really can't stop to give it the attention it needs. Linking to read this weekend.

Thursday, July 21, 2011

SDCC Thursday so far

DC Comics has their "New 52" panel. Wouldn't care except Paul Cornell is a good writer so I'm kinda looking forward to his books.

Chris Roberson is writing a Star Trek/Legion of Superheroes crossover. (Ditto Roberson)

Tim and Ben Truman are doing a Hawken, a supernatural western, for IDW. Tim Truman has been one of my favorite comic book artists since, I dunno, 198something-or-other.

"I forgive you, boy, but don't leave town"

Greg Palast on why the deficit isn't Obama's fault. Among other things, he brings up the three dozen Virginia Class submarines that Bush ordered at $1.8b a pop. The V-Class are designed to fight Soviet submarines.Congressman Cantor voted to let Bush have those subs. This is the same Cantor that is steadfastly opposed to raising the debt ceiling and taxing the rich.

Every possible location has a simple explanation

Every women's magazine in one cover.

And I think it's gonna be a long long time

Are you familiar with NASA's Spinoff? It lists what NASA has developed, much of which is open for public use if they can figure out a way to use it.

Wednesday, July 20, 2011

Because I'm not at the Nerd Prom (but who wants to be in San Diego in the Summer?)

IDW announces a Wally Wood EC Stories Artists Edition.

Comics Beat goes over Preview Night, including Vertigo's The Unexpected, more on Archie's Kevin Keller getting his own book, and Marvel Comics done-in-one graphic novels featuring their top tier characters.

Sailing the Seas of Fate

Scientific American on the case for a multiverse.
An admission in a pop news source that women went a-viking along with the men. Considering that the Norse settled Britain, it seems rather idiotic to assume that they planned to pick up a wife in fair Albion. Settling means households, families, and not a way to get free of the spousal unit for the weekend.

"Dorte was a hot Danish sandwich when I married her, and now the only thing hot about that witch is her temper." Possible but no.

Why "is" "isn't"

Nepal to remeasure Mount Everest to determine how how high it "really" "is".

No, not really

Live in Texas? Glad you have a job? Thank a drug dealer!

Governor Good-Hair's pusher ineligible for any thanks from me.

Monday, July 4, 2011

*

The city of Kobe, Japan builds a 50-ton statue of Gigantor.


*I've started following the grand tradition of making as a headline lyrics to the song I'm listening to. Someone on TurntableFM is playing a country version of "Gin & Juice". No. Just...no.

Thursday, June 30, 2011

Lordosis

A comment or two on the highly sexualized pose used by most female comic book characters and especially when coupled with the phrase "strong female".

"Our own TNH and I used to have a plot in which the worst offenders of this sort of female costuming/posing would be paraded onto a stage at Comic Con, forced to wear five inch heels, posed in those butt-and-tits-out lordosis poses, and left there for an hour...just to see long they would last, and how many of them could walk afterward.

"I suppose that was mean of us." - Madeleine Robins

Monday, June 27, 2011

"Fun With Ropes"

Onion's AVClub interviews Jane Wiedlin of the Go-Gos.

"I discovered I was pervy as a teenager, and for a long time, I was very ashamed of it and held it in. In fact, the only public evidence of that is that song, because I thought I was a freak. Then at some point in the ’90s, I met some people that were outwardly kinky, and totally proud to be it, and I discovered the whole world of the fetish lifestyle, and I was like, “Oh, so I don’t have to be in the closet about being kinky.” So I’ve been an outward kinkster for a while now. But yeah, definitely, “Fun With Ropes” is all about bondage, and a super-funny song that was still loved. Belinda still loves to sing that song, which I adore about her."

Saturday, June 25, 2011

Mayan Tombs

A video camera was dropped into the Mayan tomb in Palenque in south-eastern Mexico. The tomb dates between 431AD and 550AD and is believed to be the final resting place of K'uk Bahlam I, the city's first ruler or Ix Yohl Ik'nal, an early female ruler. Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History has only been aware of the tomb for a decade.

Monday, June 20, 2011

Agnostic's Prayer

Insofar as I may be heard by anything, which may or may not care what I say, I ask, if it matters, that you be forgiven for anything you may have done or failed to do which requires forgiveness. Conversely, if not forgiveness but something else may be required to insure any possible benefit for which you may be eligible after the destruction of your body, I ask that this, whatever it may be, be granted or withheld, as the case may be, in such a manner as to insure your receiving said benefit. I ask this in my capacity as your elected intermediary between yourself and that which may not be yourself, but which may have an interest in the matter of your receiving as much as it is possible for you to receive of this thing, and which may in some way be influenced by this ceremony. Amen. - Roger Zelazny

Really?!

Why drugs often list headaches under possible side-effects.

Two More From the BBC

32,000 year old fossils discovered in the Ukraine, possibly the oldest evidence of modern humans.

James May explains the science behind hangovers.

Heavier Geekery Than the Flash Gordon Wedding March

A Millennium Falcon wedding cake.

Saturday, June 18, 2011

Wednesday, June 15, 2011

Cats & Dogs Living Together

It looks like same sex marriage will pass in New York. Good. Call me an old reactionary, but I'm opposed to Ellen Kushner and Delia Sherman living in sin. They should be legally married in their home state.

New York Archibishop Timothy Dolan says that same sex marriage will open the door to communism. I thought anyone old enough to believe that was dead, or close enough.

Likewise, ex-New York Giants receiver claims same sex marriage will lead to anarchy. Funny, I'd think that same sex couples flouting the law and being married illegally would more lead to anarchy. Shows what I know.

Seperation of Church & State Myth Myth

But this argument ignores a historical fact. It's not Jefferson's metaphor. Even in 1802, separation was already deeply rooted in American religious history.  In 1644, the American theologian Roger Williams, founder of the first Baptist congregation in the British New World, coined the phrase to signify the protection that the church needed in order to prevent misuse and corruption by political leaders: "The church of the Jews under the Old Testament in the type and the church of the Christians under the New Testament in the antitype were both separate from the world; and when they have opened a gap in the hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world, God hath ever broke down the wall itself, removed the candlestick, and made his garden a wilderness."